Smallholder Farmers Adaptation to Climate Change: Adaptive Capacity among Ndiwa and Chamazi Farmers in Usambara Highlands, Tanzania

Abstract

Climate change is one of the major threats to agricultural production worldwide,
including many parts of Tanzania. However, different rural agricultural
systems are affected differently and differ in their adaptive capacities. This
paper assessed the adaptive capacity to climate change by farmers engaged in
ndiwa and chamazi traditional irrigation farming systems in West Usambara
Highlands , Tanzania. The study leading to this paper was conducted in four
villages: Shashui, Nkukai, Lunguza and Kivingo in Lushoto District; and it
adopted a cross-sectional research design involving a sample of 380 households.
Data were collected through household survey, Focus Group Discussions
(FGDs), observations and documentary reviews. Undeniably, farmers are not
poor of what and how to adapt with climate change: they have some knowledge
on what they can do to reduce and contain the adverse impacts of climate
change. The results show that whereas ndiwa farmers have moderate adaptive
capacity (41.6%), chamazi farmers have low adaptive capacity (23.6%) to climate
change impacts. Despite this difference in capacities, both farmers are affected
by low financing (ndiwa (14.36%), and chamazi (8.48%) as grants or credits
hardly reach small-scale farmers; low access to technical information (ndiwa
(15.08%), and chamazi (5.17%)); relative low access to physical infrastructure
(ndiwa (5.02%), and chamazi (3.02%)); relative low level of diversity of livelihood
(ndiwa (4.56%), and chamazi (4.49%)); and relative low level of human resources
(ndiwa (2.51%), and chamazi (2.35%)). The paper recommends that strategies
for enabling farmers to become change agents of climate change should build
capacity in areas of physical resources such as equipment and infrastructure for
irrigation, access to climate information, access to financing opportunities,
livelihood diversification, and storage.