What soft skills do Tanzania employers prefer among graduates in the world of work?

Authors

  • Jovitha Lazaro Mayega Department of Educational Psychology and Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, Dar es Salaam University College of Education

Keywords:

soft skills, world of work, employers, graduates, employment opportunities

Abstract

This study investigated the soft skills preferred by Tanzanian employers among graduates in the world of work. It specifically explored employers’ perspectives on the top five soft skills graduates should possess. A qualitative research approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was employed. Six employers were purposively selected, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document reviews, then analysed thematically. The study's findings indicated that employers value graduates who are self-aware of workplace dynamics, effective in communication, uphold integrity, demonstrate independence, and possess problem-solving skills. These soft skills enhance graduates’ employability, especially in organisations with blended and diverse cultures. The findings underscore the importance of graduates demonstrating soft skills in the workplace. The study recommends educational interventions to address soft skills mismatches and support graduates in securing both public and self-employment. Further research should explore effective teaching and learning approaches for enhancing soft skills among students.

☍ View Article Analytics

References

Adu-Oppong, A. A., & Agyin-Binkorang, E. (2014). Communication in the workplace: guidelines for improving effectiveness. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective, 3 (5), 208-213.

Association of Tanzania Employers. (2011). Skills development assessment. JE Austin Associates, Arlington, USA.

Baum, S., Ma, J., & Payea, K (2013). Education pays 2013: The benefit of higher education for individuals and society. New York: The College Board.

Brewer, L. (2013). Enhancing youth employability: What? Why? And how? Guide to core work skills. ILO. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ifp_skills/documents/publication/wcms_213 452.pdf.

Burnett, N. & Jayaram, S. (2012). Skills for employability in Africa and Asia. Innovative Secondary Education for Skills Enhancement –ISESE: ISESE Skills Synthesis Paper, Research for Development Institute.

Burke, J.W. (2005). Competence-based education and training. The Falmer Press. London. New York. Philadelphia.

Carter, M. A., Lundberg, A., Greerlings, L. R. C., & Bhati, A. (2019). Shifting landscapes in higher education: A case study of transferable skills and a networked classroom in South-East Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 39 (4). https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2019.1671801

Chaya, P. S. (2013). Determinants and effects of education mismatch and skills mismatch in Tanzania: The case of Dar es Salaam and Dodoma. (Doctoral Thesis). University of Dodoma.

Chigunta, F. (2002): Youth Entrepreneurship: Meeting the Key Policy Challenges. England: Wolfson College, Oxford University.

Chuang, S. (2013). Essential skills for leadership effectiveness in diverse workplace development. Online Journal for Workforce Education and Development, 6 (1), 1-24.

Curry, L., & Docherty, M. (2017). Implementing competency-based education. DOI:10.22329/celt.v10i0.47.16. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/317797610_implementing_competency-Based_Education

Dean, S. A., & East, J. I. (2019). Soft skills needed for the 21st–century workforce. International Journal of Applied Management and Technology, 18 (1), 17-32.

Deissinger, T. & Hellwig, S. (2011). Structures and functions of competence-based education and training-CBET: a comparative perspective. Germany: GIZ Markus Kitchgessner.

Deming, D. J. (2017). The value of soft skills in the labour market. https:/www.nber.org/reporter/2017number4/value-soft-skills-labour-market.

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The sage handbook of qualitative research (4th Ed.). Sage.

Doe, J. (2014). Curriculum guide-communication lesson plans: importance of effective communication in the workplace. Ottawa University.

Enid, K. (2012). A competence-based teaching and learning approach in the O-level curriculum in Uganda: a public research report. National Curriculum Development Centre.

Frances, R., Patricia, C., & Coughlan, M. (2009). Interviewing in qualitative research. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 16 (6), 309-314.

Fulgence, K. (2015). Employability of higher education institutions graduates: exploring the influence of entrepreneurship education and employability skills development program activities in Tanzania [Unpublished PhD thesis]. The University of Siegen. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12133.

Hensen, R. S. & Hensen, K. (2015). What do employers really want? Top skills and values employers seek from job seekers. https://cs.msutexas.edu/-ranette/CMPs4991/WhatEmployersWant.pdf.

Kaaya, B. P. (2012, October 12). The importance of competency-based education and training on industrial performance in Tanzania. Paper presented at the TVET Institutions and Industries Collaborations Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.

Kallioinen, O. (2007). The competency-based curriculum at Laurea. Vantaa. Authors and Laurea University of Applied Science.

Kessler, R., & Strasburg, L. A. (2005). Competency-based resume: bring your resume to the top of the pile. Career Press Inc.

Kacamakovic, M. K., & Lokaj, A. S. (2021). Requirements of organisation for soft skills as an influencing factor of their success. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10 (1), 295-303.

Kentucky Department of Education. (2013). Competency-based education: Helping all Kentucky students succeed. Final report. Author.

Khanna, V. (2015). Soft skills: a key to professional excellence. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Social Sciences, 5 (1), 32-40.

Klaus, P., Rohman, J., & Hamaker, M. (2007). The hard truth about soft skills: workplace lessons smart people wish they'd learned sooner. HarperCollins.

Kolzow, D. R. (2014). Learning from within: building organisational leadership capacity. Southern Economic Development Council.

Laguador, J. M., & Ramos, L. R. (2014). Industry-partners' preferences for graduates: Input on curriculum development. Journal of Education and Literature, 1 (1), 1-8.

Lavy, I., & Yadin, A. (2013). Soft skills- an important key for employability in the "shift to a service-driven economy" era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 3 (5), 416-420.

Mahajan, R. (2015). The key role of communication skills in the life of professionals. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 20(12; 17), 36-39.

Mann, A. (2012). Work experience: impact and delivery insights from the evidence. The education employers' task force. University of Warwick.

Maduko, C., & Puche, P. V. (2020). The impact of hard and soft skills on managers' innovativeness [MBA Thesis]. Blekinge Institute of Technology.

Mcha, M. (2012). Addressing employment challenges in Tanzania: strategic policy options and actions by stakeholders. Dar es Salaam.

Meier, D. (1995). The power of their ideas: Lessons for America from a small school in Harlem. Boston. Beacon.

Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (2007). Secondary education curriculum. Author.

Mizell, H. (2010). Why professional development matters learning forward. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234748122_Why_Professional_ Development_Matters.

Muller, R. D., & Beatty, A. (2010). Work readiness certification and industry credentials: what do state high school policymakers need to know? Retrieved from ww.achieve.org/files/workReadinessCertificationand IndustryCredentials.

Munishi, J. E. (2022). Factors contributing to lack of soft skills among Tanzanian higher learning graduates. East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 3(2), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.46606/eajess2022v03i02.0160.

Oluyomi, P., & Adedeji, S. O. (2012). Skills mismatch among university graduates in the Nigeria labour market. US-China Education Review A, 1, 90-98.

Omar, N. H., Manaf, A. A., Mohd, R. H., Kassim, A. C., & Aziz, A. (2012). Graduates' employability skills based on current job demand through electronic advertisement. Asian Social Science, 8 (9), 103-110.

Ooms, T., Wassel, K., & Monge, J. (2013). Jobs–skills mismatch? USA: The institute for public policy & economic development. Retrieved from https://www.institutep a.org/perch/resources/jeedskillmis13.pdf

Okoye, K. R. E., & Issack, M. O. (2015). Enhancing technical and vocational education and training in Nigeria for sustainable development: Competency based training approach. Journal of Education and Practice, 6 (29), 66-69.

Ondieki, C. M., Kahihu, N., & Muthoni, S. (2019). What do employers think about soft skills? Retrieved from http://capyei.org/download/lifeskills-research-report/?wp dmdl=364

Patacsil, F. F., & Tablatin, C. L. S. (2017). Exploring the importance of soft and hard skills as perceived by internship students and industry: a gap analysis. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 7 (3), 347-368.

Quadri, M. A. (2016). The concept of applied leadership in the contemporary world. Journal of Education and Practice, 7 (4), 17-23.

Rahman, A. A., Miskam, M. A. A., & Harun, N. A. (2019). Computer literacy: computer, e-mail, internet and job satisfaction. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 7 (6S2), 277-280.

Rehman, S. & Mehmood, A. (2014). Employability skills: the need of the graduates and the employer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269114403_EMPLOYABILITY_SKILLS_THE_NEED_OF_THE_GRADUATES_AND_THE_EMPLOYER.

Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today's workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75 (4), 453-465.

Schulz, B. (2008). The importance of soft skills: education beyond academic knowledge. Journal of Language Communication, 146-154.

Smith, E., & Green, A. (2005). How do workplace experiences while at school affect career pathways? A national vocational education and training research and evaluation programme report. National Centre for Vocational Education and Research. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED4 94040.pdf.

Smith, K. S. (2017). The multilingual advantage: foreign language as a social skill in a globalised world. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 7 (3), 48-56.

Sopa, A., Asbari, M., Purwanto, A., Santoso, P. B., Mustofa, Hutagalung, D., Maesaroh, S., Ramdan, M., & Primahendra, R. (2020). Hard skills vs soft skills: which are more important for Indonesian employees' innovation capability? International Journal of Control and Automation, 13 (2), 156-175.

Sumra, S., & Katabaro, J. K. (2014). Declining quality of education: suggestions for arresting and reversing the trend. Economic and Social Research Foundation.

The Working Party. (2010). Code of human research ethics. The British Psychological Society.

Steele, J. L., Lewis, M.W., Santibanez, L., Faxon-Mills, S., Rudnick, M., Stecher, B. M., & Hamilton, L. S. (2014). Competence-based education in three pilot programs: Examining implementation and outcomes. RAND Corporation.

Ting, S. K. T., & Ying, C. Y. (2012). Business graduates' competencies in the eyes of employers: an exploratory study in Malaysia. Worlds Review of Business Research, 2(2), 176-190.

UNESCO. (2002). The 8th International conference on education innovations in secondary education: meeting the needs of adolescents and youth in Asia and the Pacific, from 26th - 28th November, Bangkok: Thailand. APEID.

Vaughan, K., O'Neil, P., & Cameron, M. (2011). Successful workplace learning: how learning happens at work. New Zealand Council for Educational Research.

Walsh, J. (2011). The roles of foreign language in business administration. Journal of Management Research, 3 (1), 1-15.

Wesselink, R., de Jong, C., & Biemans, H. J. (2010). Aspects of competence-based education as footholds to improve the connectivity between learning in school and in the workplace. Vocational and Learning, 3(1), 19-38.

World Bank Report. (2014). Tanzania-productive job wanted. World Bank Group. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/ en/publication/ documents-reports/documentdetail/531468129886159/ executive-summary.

Downloads

Published

25.12.2024

How to Cite

Mayega, J. L. (2024). What soft skills do Tanzania employers prefer among graduates in the world of work?. Papers in Education and Development, 42(2). Retrieved from http://196.44.161.124/index.php/ped/article/view/8536